Identities

This is a complete rewrite of the previous identities page. All of the series expansions have been moved to the Special Functions pages.


Notations

There are an unnecessarily large number of notations in common use for functions related to tetration. Ideally, only the most powerful notations would be used, however, as a matter of convinience we use left-superscript notation in preference to arrow notation and tower notation. Also, even though box notation is closer to hyper-operation terminology, arrow notation will be used, because it is more well-known.

When choosing a notation, keep in mind your audience, and familiarity with tetration. In general, tetration should be written with left-superscript notation. If there is confusion with multiples in front, then use tower notation \bigT^{n}a, or if there is a complicated expression in the height, then use arrow notation x{\U}{\U}n.


Axioms

a \U\U n = a \U {\left( a \U\U (n-1) \right)}

(a{\U\U})^{-1}(a^z) = (a{\U\U})^{-1}(z) + 1


Infinite Tetrate and Company

The infinite tetrate is topologically conjugate to the 2nd super-root and the Lambert W-function.


{}^{\infty}x & = \frac{W(-\ln(x))}{-\ln(x)} = \exp(-W(-\ln(x))) = \frac{1}{\ssqrt{1/x}} \\\notag
\frac{1}{{}^{\infty}(1/x)} & = \frac{\ln(x)}{W(\ln(x))} = \exp(W(\ln(x))) = \ssqrt{x} \\\notag
{}^{\infty}(\ee^{-x})x & = W(x) = x\exp(-W(x)) = \frac{x}{\ssqrt{\ee^x}} \\\notag

for more information see the section on topological conjugacy.


Table of Tetration

For integer values:


{}^{-2}a & = \frac{-\infty}{\ln(a)} \\\notag
{}^{-1}a & = 0 \\\notag
{}^{0}a & = 1 \\\notag
{}^{1}a & = a \\\notag
{}^{2}a & = a^a \\\notag
{}^{3}a & = a^{a^a} \\\notag

For infinite values:


{}^{{-}\infty}x & = \frac{W_{-1}(-\ln(x))}{-\ln(x)} \quad\text{for all } x>\ee^{1/\ee}\\\notag
{}^{{-}\infty}x & = \frac{W(-\ln(x))}{-\ln(x)} \quad\quad\text{for all } x<\ee^{-\ee} \\\notag
{}^{\infty}x & = \frac{W(-\ln(x))}{-\ln(x)} \quad\quad\text{for all } \ee^{-\ee} \le x \le \ee^{1/\ee}


Table of Iterated Exponentials

For integer values from any x:


\exp_a^{-2}(z) & = \log_a(\log_a(z)) \\\notag
\exp_a^{-1}(z) & = \log_a(z) \\\notag
\exp_a^{0}(z) & = z \\\notag
\exp_a^{1}(z) & = a^z \\\notag
\exp_a^{2}(z) & = a^{a^z} \\\notag
\exp_a^{3}(z) & = a^{a^{a^z}} \\\notag

For integer values from -1:


\exp_a^{-2}({-}1) & = \log_a(\log_a(-1)) \\\notag
\exp_a^{-1}({-}1) & = \frac{\ii \pi}{\ln(a)} \\\notag
\exp_a^{0}({-}1) & = -1 \\\notag
\exp_a^{1}({-}1) & = \frac{1}{a} \\\notag
\exp_a^{2}({-}1) & = a^{1/a} \\\notag
\exp_a^{3}({-}1) & = a^{a^{1/a}} \\\notag


Inverse Functions

Notations for super-roots

({\U\U}n)^{-1}(z) = \boxhyperroot{4}{n}{z} = \srt_n(z)

Notations for super-logs

(a{\U\U})^{-1}(z) = \boxhyperlog{4}{a}{z} = \slog_a(z)


Miscellaneous

Exponentiation can be expressed in terms of exp and log:

a^z = \ee^{z\ln(a)}

Exponentiation can be expressed in terms of tet and slog:

a^z = a \U\U \left(\slog_a(z) + 1\right)

Iterated exponentials can be expressed in terms of tet and slog:

\exp_a^y(z) = a \U\U \left(\slog_a(z) + y\right)